The **French government** operates as a **semi-presidential parliamentary democracy**, with a structure deeply rooted in France’s historical contributions to modern democracy and the separation of powers, or *trias politica*. The government is led by the President, who appoints the Prime Minister and ministers to form the executive branch. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Parliament—comprising the National Assembly with 577 elected deputies and the Senate with 348 members. The judiciary operates independently to uphold the legal system[1]. Established in its modern form following the French Revolution of 1789, the government manages national policies across healthcare, education, public transport, and more, while regional, departmental, and municipal levels handle local governance. France ranks as a full democracy and maintains high civic engagement, with 88% of citizens participating actively in organizations influencing policymaking as of 2023[1]. Recent years have been marked by significant political instability. The 2024–2025 period saw a hung parliament with no clear majority, leading to rapid changes in prime ministers and government crises. Sébastien Lecornu, appointed in September 2025, became the shortest-serving Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic due to political deadlock and opposition from multiple parties[3]. This instability has eroded public trust, with polls showing rising dissatisfaction with political leaders, including President Emmanuel Macron, amid social and economic challenges like high national debt (112% debt-to-GDP in 2024), rising unemployment, and contentious pension reforms[2][5]. Economically, the government had previously provided substantial support during crises like COVID-19 and the Ukraine war but now faces pressures for austerity. Attempts to reduce deficits have been unpopular, triggering social unrest and empowering extremist political factions[2][4]. Public trust in government remains below OECD averages, with only 34% expressing high or moderate trust in 2023, reflecting concerns about governance quality and political dysfunction[6]. Notable aspects include Franc